利用红外相机研究白冠长尾雉日活动节律与人为干扰的关系

白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)为我国特有珍稀濒危鸟类, 其面临的人为干扰压力日趋严重。为更好地了解白冠长尾雉对不同人为干扰强度的响应, 我们于2018年3月至2019年4月, 在其东部分布区的河南连康山国家级自然保护区(连康山)、湖北中华山鸟类省级自然保护区(中华山)和湖北平靖关村及三潭风景名胜区(平靖关), 利用红外相机技术研究了其日活动节律, 并借助重叠系数测算了其与人为干扰在时间上的重叠程度以及与人为干扰之间的关系。结果表明, 连康山的人为干扰强度最高, 而中华山和平靖关的人为干扰强度接近且均低于连康山。雄性白冠长尾雉繁殖期和非繁殖期的日活动节律在三地之间的差异均不显著; 雌性白冠长尾雉繁殖期日活动节律在平靖关与连康山之间存在显著差异, 而非繁殖期日活动节律在中华山与连康山之间、平靖关与连康山之间均存在显著差异。各地白冠长尾雉日活动高峰和人为干扰出现的高峰也存在差异, 呈现出较为明显的错峰活动现象, 其中在人为干扰最强的连康山, 白冠长尾雉的活动与人为干扰的重叠程度最低。这些结果表明白冠长尾雉的日活动节律可能受人为干扰的影响, 且在行为方面表现出一定的可塑性, 它们可以通过调整日活动节律来适应人为干扰。     

Molecular evidence for Pleistocene refugia at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau

The role of the Quaternary ice ages in forming the contemporary genetic structure of populations has been well studied in a number of global regions. However, due to the different nature of glaciations and complex topography, their role in shaping eastern Eurasian genetic diversity, particular in areas surrounding the Tibetan Plateau have remained largely unstudied. We aimed to address this question by examining the genetic structure of an alpine forest-associated taxon, the blood pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus) to infer its phylogeographic history. We detected three phylogenetic lineages and four current population groups. By comparing molecular and palaeovegetation data, we found that major glaciations during the Pleistocene have had a major impact upon the current genetic diversity of this species. Coalescent simulations indicate that the populations retreated to different refugia during some glacial periods in the Pleistocene, but persisted through the last glacial maximum (LGM). The most significant recent population expansion was found to have occurred before the LGM, during which palaeoclimatic data indicate that the climate was both warmer and wetter than today. In contrast, during the LGM populations may have adopted an altitudinal shift strategy in order to track changes in alpine glaciers, exemplifying a general response for montane species in the region where alpine glaciations were not large enough to cause qualitative changes in vegetation. Although analysis based on a plumage related gene showed that divergent selection may have contributed to current patterns of intra-specific diversity, demographic isolation is inferred to have played a more dominant role.     

湖北五峰后河国家级自然保护区鸟类多样性

为了解湖北五峰后河国家级自然保护区(以下简称后河保护区)鸟类物种多样性及其区系组成的变化, 我们通过样线、红外相机调查和检索文献资料相结合的方法获得了后河保护区鸟类名录, 并将其与后河保护区1999年科学考察结果进行对比分析。本研究于2017-2019年共在后河保护区内设置了82 km的鸟类调查样线, 共在309个位点上放置了红外相机, 累计99,586个相机日。我们用“后河” “鸟类” “湖北省”等关键词搜索相关出版物, 并查阅中国观鸟记录中心经审核后发布的鸟类信息, 结合样线和红外相机调查结果形成后河保护区鸟类名录。共整理得到后河保护区鸟类255种, 隶属于16目55科。其中, 国家I级重点保护野生鸟类2种, 包括中华秋沙鸭(Mergus squamatus)和金雕(Aquila chrysaetos); 国家II级重点保护野生鸟类46种, 包括红腹角雉(Tragopan temminckii)、棉凫(Nettapus coromandelianus)、松雀鹰(Accipiter virgatus)、灰林鸮(Strix aluco)、蓝鹀(Emberiza siemsseni)等。此外, 后河保护区有11种中国特有鸟类, 占我国特有鸟类种数(n = 93)的11.83%。在区系成分上, 后河保护区鸟类以东洋种为主(151种, 占59.22%), 其次为广布种(55种, 占21.57%)。与1999年科学考察结果相比, 鸟类增加了116种, 其中有15种国家重点保护野生鸟类。在区系组成上, 后河保护区内东洋种占比增加, 包括分布区向北扩散的物种成分。此外, 本次调查未记录到20世纪在保护区内有分布的白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)和海南鳽(Gorsachius magnificus)。本研究表明, 后河保护区鸟类物种多样性高、特有种及珍稀濒危物种丰富, 具有极高的保护价值和意义。通过对比分析后河保护区内野生鸟类动态变化, 可为保护区生物多样性监测方案设计和保护对策的制定提供科学依据。     

山西芦芽山褐马鸡越冬栖息地选择的多尺度研究

1998～2000年在山西芦芽山自然保护区对褐马鸡的越冬栖息地选择进行了研究。采用4种空间尺度(10m、100m、300m和距离尺度),对影响褐马鸡越冬栖息地选择的主要因子进行了深入分析,并建立了褐马鸡越冬栖息地选择的逻辑斯谛回归模型。在300m尺度上．活动点和非活动点的生境类型有针叶林、针阔混交林、灌木林和草丛等。活动点周围针叶林面积显著高于非活动点(F=-3．116,P=0．002),虽然针阔混交林在两者中的面积比例都较小,但活动点周围针阔混交林的面积明显地低于非活动点(F=-2．255,P=0．024)．在灌木林和草丛的面积上两者无显著差异。这表明褐马鸡在300m尺度上喜欢活动于针叶林较多的地域,由于冬季针阔混交林不如针叶林能提供很好的隐蔽条件,褐马鸡避免选择针阔混交林;在100m尺度上,活动点和非活动点的生境类型有针叶林、针阔混交林和草丛,无灌木林生境,活动点的针叶林面积明显地高于非活动点(F=-2．931,P=0．003)。这表明褐马鸡在100m尺度上虽然倾向于选择针叶林,但对其它类型的生境如针阔混交林和草丛是可以利用的,这可能与其广泛取食活动有关。褐马鸡大尺度上的隐蔽条件满足以后,在小尺度上主要是为了获取更为丰富的食物。在距离尺度上活动点距居民点的距离、距道路的距离显著大于非活动点(F=15．621;6．048,P=0．000;0．018)。通过逐步逻辑斯谛回归分析,发现距灌草丛的距离、距居民点的距离、100m范围内针叶林的面积、树高以及食物的丰盛度是冬季褐马鸡栖息地选择的重要因子。以另外一个研究地收集的数据对所建立的栖息地选择模型的可靠程度进行了检验,结果表明该模型能有效地对褐马鸡的越冬栖息地进行预测。     

白颈长尾雉春季扩散活动的影响因子

2002年10月-2003年6月和2003年11月-2004年6月,采用无线电遥测、GPS技术、SAW模型和样方法,对浙江省古田山自然保护区白颈长尾雉的扩散过程及其影响因子进行了研究。结果表明：①白颈长尾雉在春季均存在持续约为16—23d的扩散活动,其扩散直线距离在1．5～2．1km。②扩散过程中白颈长尾雉对其运动路线存在选择性,在其扩散进入和未进入区域之间,草本盖度、乔木种数、灌木种数、灌木枝下高、灌木数量和草本数量存在极显著差异;距水源距离、坡度、乔木数量、乔木枝下高和草本种数存在显著差异。③灌木种数、灌木枝下高、坡度和灌木数量等与障碍有关的因子是影响白颈长尾雉扩散活动的重要因子。     

贵州茂兰自然保护区白鹇种群数量与保护对策

作者于2000～2001年在贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区对白鹇（Lophura　nycthemera）种群数量进行了调查研究。结果表明该区白鹇的种群数量为547只左右,种群密度为9.32±3.03只/km2,每群结群数为5.17±2.37只。白鹇的种群数量已呈下降趋势,有待于加强保护。     

光周期诱导红腹锦鸡冬季繁殖效果初报

?College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China)Golden pheasant ( Chrysolophus pictus) is a monotypic and special species of China.In nature, it breeds once a year in spring summer.From Oct.1998 to Feb.1999, we studied the effects of photo periods on inducing the birds to reproduce in winter and succeeded.In the experiment, 36 adult females and 18 males were divided into three groups.Each group was divided into 6 replicates, each replicate included 2 females and 1 male, and fed in one cage.All the groups were exposed to short day (8L∶16D) for 8 weeks, and then transferred to long day (12L∶12D, 14L∶10D or 16L∶8D). In result, photoperiods significantly affected Golden pheasant reproductive performance in winter.Considered of all of the reproductive performance indicators, the reproductive performance of the group exposure to 14L∶10D was the best, the 16L∶8D group's was less and the 12L∶12D group's was the worst.It may be that the birds' CDL (critical day length) for inducing egg production was about 12 h, and the CDL for optimal egg production was 14L∶10D in winter. The birds exposed to 12L∶12D had no fertilized egg.The other groups had fertilized eggs and the fertility was 15 05% (14L∶10D) and 20 41% (16L∶8D).The hatchability of fertilized egg were 76 47% (14L∶10D) and 80 00% (16L∶8D). The egg laying pattern was affected by the size of photoperiod.The ratio of lay of the birds exposed to 14L∶10D, increased rapidly and sustained in a peak level for 5 weeks, and then fall down.But the other birds (group A and C) increased to the peak at the first week and then fall down quickly.     

笼养环颈雉性选择的研究

环颈雉求偶炫耀有四种常见类型,即点头炫耀,侧炫耀,振翅鸣叫和追逐,各种类型求偶活动的强度存在显著的个体差异,剪尾和缩短距长都可使雄鸟的求偶频率下降,雌雉选择配偶受雄鸟所在笼舍条件及雄鸟某些身体特征的影响,条件较好的笼舍中的雄鸟往往具有较多的配偶,剪短雉鸟的尾羽对雌鸟的配偶选择无明显影响,而缩短距长则对雌鸟的择偶产生十分显著的影响,导致雄鸟配偶数的大幅度减少。     

白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)在贵州的分布与数量

白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)是我国的珍禽,分布于河北北部和西部、山西、陕西南部、湖北、湖南西北、贵州北部、河南西部、安徽西部及四川东部(郑作新,1978);还发现于甘肃南部的康县(刘乃发,1982)。1974—1982年,在贵州鸟类区系调查时,对于白冠长尾雉的分布、生态及数量曾作过初步研究,复于1983—1985年间,对它的生态生物学进行专门研究。本文仅就它在贵州省的分布和数量予以报道。     

Endocrine biology of the Painted Lady butterfly Vanessa cardui

Experiments dealing with the role of juvenile hormone, adipokinetic hormone and diuretic hormone in the Painted Lady butterfly Vanessa cardui are reported. The results demonstrate an important role of JH in the regulation of ovarian and colleterial gland development in females, and in the regulation of accessory gland, tubular gland and ejaculatory duct development in males. In addition, the presence of an adult reproductive diapause, characterized by decreased effective juvenile hormone haemolymph titres, is suggested. Evidence for the existence of both adipokinetic and diuretic hormones in the Painted Lady is also presented, as is data indicating that both hormones may be similar or identical to those previously described in Monarch butterflies. Owing to the above results, and the existence of an artificial diet suitable for mass rearing in the laboratory, the Painted Lady appears to be an excellent species for studies on adult lepidopteran neuroendocrinology.